Biotechnology is a recently developed technology concerned with application of living cells or tissues or their components for the benefits of mankind and thus it is a package term- for Biological technology (-a technology based on application of living organisms). It is a multidisciplinary approach using knowledge of microbiology, tissue, culture, genetic engineering and chemical engineering. It is a most vibrant discipline of modern molecular genetics.
The science of biotechnology is only 2-3 decades old but its contribution in meidcal sciences, agriculture, environmental protection and pollution abatement are noteworthy. It has helped in in vitro synthesis of human insulin, interferon vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, antibiotics of latest generation and purification of drugs for cure of human diseases. It has produced high yielding plants, genetically modified or transgenic plants (plants carrying suitable foreign genes) and disease resistant plants for various agricultural operations. Genetically modified plants have shown their capacity of nitrogen fixation (when nif- genes were inserted), insect repelling capacity (when bt- genes were introduced in cottons) and vitamin synthesizing ability (when vitamin A gene was inserted in paddy). Superbag has been created using plasmids of many varieties of Pseudomonas putida to deal with oil solution problem in ocean due to leakage in oil tankers.
1952 Hersey and Chase First reported that the infective part of bacteriophages is their DNA
1957 Isaacs and Lindeman First isolated interferon as an anti viral substance
1958 Lederberg First reported genetic recombination in bacteria using E.coli
1958 Sanger First worked out the sequence if amino acids
1960 Arber First reported presence of restrictions Endonuclease in cells of bacteria
1969 Har govind Khorana First discovered DNA ligase in T4 - bacteriophase
1970 Har govind Khorana First synthesized gene in vitro.It was gene for Alanine t-RNA of yeast having 77 base pairs. Later on he synthesized a gene of tyrosine t- RNA if E.coli which was biologically functional for suppressor t-RNA
1970 Harris First discovered DNA-RNA hybridization technique for synthesis of gene in vitro
1970 Hammilton Smith Isolated restriction endonuclease from Haemophilus influenza and
named Hind-III. He got nobel prize in 1978.
1971 Nathans First used restriction to cut DNA molecule of monkey virus-II into 11 pieces for preparing SV-40 gene map.
1973 Cesar Milstein First cultured myeloma cells (bone marrow cancer cells)
1974 Smith and Nathan First used restrictions endonuclease to DNA from specific sites (palindrome)
1975 Temin and Baltimore First discovered reverse transcriptase enzyme in sarcoma in sarcoma
virus (-a retrovirus )associated with cancer formation.
1977 Itukura et al. First chemically synthesized the DNA sequence of A and B chains of
insulin hormone and successfully inserted in PBR-322 plasmid of E.coli
1977 Bolivar and Rodriguez First developed PBR-322 vector which was of 4.36 kb long and double stranded.
1978 Arber, smith and nathans First discovered use of restriction endo- nuclease enzyme in genetic engineering or r-DNA technology.
1982 Brenner First used plasmids in r-DNA technology
1982 Sanger Got nobel prize for his outstanding contributions in genetic engineering.
1984 Niel, George kohler and Milstein Discovered Monoclonal antibodies producing technique using hybridoma technology
1990 Murry, Joseph and Thomas Successfully disocovered about organ and tissue transplantation technique and their application.
1993 Roberts Richards and sharp philip Discovered split gene and got Nobel prize
1994 Jeffreys Discovered DNA fingerprinting technique.
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